Unit outline_

LAWS3401: Advanced Constitutional Law

Semester 1, 2026 [Normal day] - Camperdown/Darlington, Sydney

The main purpose of this course is to build on the fundamental understandings achieved in Public Law and Federal Constitutional Law in order to provide a far broader and deeper understanding of the subject. This will be achieved by, first, examining in depth the fundamental aspects and tenets of constitutionalism in the Australian context and from a more jurisprudential perspective. Reliance will be placed on comparative jurisdictions, in particular the United States and the United Kingdom. A detailed analysis will first be attempted of the following major concepts in the more precise context of Westminster-based systems: the rule of law, parliamentary sovereignty, the ambit of executive power and the precise status and principles of responsible government, judicial review and constitutional rights, separation of powers, constitutional conventions, the reserve powers of the Governor-General, the status of common law principles as fundamental constitutional guarantees. A principal focus will be the nature and ambit of executive power, and the evolving jurisrprudence of the High Court on this question. The course will examine the evolving notion of parliamentary supremacy from Diceyan orthodoxy to the more recent debates involving leading constitutional scholars in the UK and Australia. In relation to separation of powers, the different constitutional consequences which result when the doctrine is entrenched in a written constitution (as in the US and Australia) on the one hand, and when it exists as a convention without being so entrenched, on the other, will be explored. The relationship between executive and legislative power will be the principal focus. This will enhance an understanding of the definition, nature and limits of judicial, executive and legislative power and their inter-relationship, an issue which becomes particularly important at moments of constitutional uncertainty and stress, especially at the crossroads of their power. The functionalist/formalist debate will be examined to determine the most appropriate interpretive methodology with respect to the application of the constitutional limitations which may emanate from the separation of powers. In so doing, the principal decisions of the High Court of Australia and other relevant courts in other jurisdictions. There will be an opportunity to evaluate major Australian constitutional decisions in a detail not possible in the prerequisite and undergraduate courses. A principal underlying theme will be the extent to which the tenets of constitutionalism are being complied with in Australia and the extent to which they can be. The course will be enriched and made more presently relevant by the exploration of current developing themes in constitutional law. The precise topics may vary from year to year. Depending on the topic, this may involve the introduction of completely new themes or the integration of developments with topics already examined.

Unit details and rules

Academic unit Law
Credit points 6
Prerequisites
? 
LAWS1021 and LAWS2011
Corequisites
? 
LAWS2011
Prohibitions
? 
LAWS5101
Assumed knowledge
? 

None

Available to study abroad and exchange students

Yes

Teaching staff

Coordinator Peter Gerangelos, peter.gerangelos@sydney.edu.au
Lecturer(s) Peter Gerangelos, peter.gerangelos@sydney.edu.au
The census date for this unit availability is 31 March 2026
Type Description Weight Due Length Use of AI
Contribution Class Presentation / Participation (20%)
Class Participation
0% Ongoing 20-30 minutes AI allowed
Outcomes assessed: LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
In-class quiz Early Feedback Task Early Feedback task (0%)
Short answer questions completed in class
0% Week 03
Due date: 12 Mar 2026 at 16:15
1 hour AI allowed
Outcomes assessed: LO1 LO2
Oral exam MAJOR ASSESSMENT (Option 2): Viva Voce defence of advice (20%)
Oral task
0% Week 12
Due date: 22 May 2026 at 15:00
15 minutes (oral) AI prohibited
Outcomes assessed: LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Written work MAJOR ASSESSMENT (Option 2): Formal Legal written Advice (60%)
Long written formal advice on a legal issue
0% Week 12
Due date: 22 May 2026 at 23:59

Closing date: 05 Jun 2026
5000 - 6000 words / 10 weeks AI allowed
Outcomes assessed: LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
In-person practical, skills, or performance task or test MAJOR ASSESSMENT (Option 1) Moot - Oral presentation (40%)
Oral presentation
0% Week 13
Due date: 25 May 2026 at 09:00

Closing date: 05 Jun 2026
20-30 minutes AI prohibited
Outcomes assessed: LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Written work MAJOR ASSESSMENT: (Option 1): Moot Written Submissions (40%)
Submissions of the Moot
0% Week 13
Due date: 25 May 2026 at 09:00

Closing date: 05 Jun 2026
4000-5000 words / 11 weeks AI allowed
Outcomes assessed: LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
early feedback task = early feedback task ?

Assessment summary

NB: In addition to the assessments noted below, and in light of the seminar nature of this unit, attendance requirements for this course are applied strictly.  That is, students are required to attend 70% of classes to satisfy the pass requirements for this unit. Failure to meet this requirement will result in an Absent Fail grade being recorded as the student’s result for this unit (see The University of Sydney Law School Resolutions: Coursework Awards cl 11).  

The assessments are as follows: 

1: Early Feedback Task (0%) : This in-class quiz will be held on March 12 2026 at 4:15pm (Sydney, Australia time) is designed to provide students with timely insights into their understanding and engagement with the unit content and is tailored to reflect key concepts from Weeks 1-3 relating to the 'executive power of the Commonwealth', including prerogative and inherent power, representative and responsible government, reserve powers, the relationship between the two houses of Parliament, and relevant cases discussed.

2: Class Presentation/Participation (20%): This consists of two components:  

a) Seminar Presentation and Discussion Leadership.  Students will be responsible for leading the discussion on a particular case or reading, including raising the key issues arising and on their facilitation of class discussion during their allocated week.  This discussion will be augmented by questioning from, and dialogue with, the coordinator and other students.  Students will be assessed on the clarity and depth of their analysis, engagement, questions, quality of argument. 

b) Written seminar brief: Students will submit to the coordinator a set of notes used for their presentation, no more than 1000 words, in which the main issues from the reading are identified.  This is to be submitted no later than the date allocated for the presentation.

3. Final Assessment (Student choice of one option) (80%). Students will choose one of the following options for their final assessment: 

(a) MAJOR ASSIGNMENT (Option 1) Moot - Oral and Written Submissions (80%):  The Moot will be assessed on oral submissions and advocacy, being a secure assessment, requiring each person to present their case in 20-30mins (40%) orally and in written submissions of 4000-5000 words (40%) which must be submitted no later than the date of the moot.  It will take place during the week beginning 25th May 2026 at a time suitable to both mooters and Coordinator, between 9am and 6pm (Sydney, Australia time). The Moot problem will be released to students on the Canvas site on Tuesday 10th March 2026 at 12:00pm and due during the week beginning 25th May 2026, between 9am and 6pm (Sydney, Australia time). Students will be divided into groups. While some collaboration is permitted, students will be assessed individually; or,  

(b) MAJOR ASSIGNMENT (Option 2) Formal Written Advice / viva voce (80%): The topic(s) for Written Advice 5000-6000 words (60%) will be released to students on Canvas site on Tuesday 10th March 2026 at 12:00pm and due on Friday 22 May 2026 at 11:59pm (Sydney, Australia time).  Successful completion requires both independent legal research, as well as a reasoned defence of the advice provided. The topic will be on an advanced constitutional law problem with a focus on executive power. Students must be prepared to defend their advice orally, viva voce (20%) 15 minutes, to the unit coordinator as part of a secure task.   

NB:  Students must note carefully that both options constitute a major piece of assessment, there being no formal examination in this Unit; that it is required that progress be made on it throughout the semester as it will simply not be possible to make any sort of satisfactory attempt if work on it is only commenced very late in the semester. It is for this reason that the Special Consideration options are very limited and students must note these carefully; and if they realise they are unable to undertake this assessment in this form and make progress on it throughout the semester, they should seek to withdraw from this Unit before the Census date or otherwise seek to Discontinue. 

Word Limit Penalty: Unless otherwised advised by the Unit Coordinator, if the prescribed word limit is exceeded, this will attract a penalty of 10% of the total marks available for the piece of assessment for every 250 words, or part thereof. The word count includes words in footnotes which go beyond mere referencing and excludes words in a case list and bibliography (if required).

Special Consideration

Formal Advice: As students will have almost the whole of the semester to complete, the outcome of a successful Special Consideration application submitted before the closing date is a short extension of very limited duration.  If students have not commenced their Advice by Week 12, given its complex nature and length, it will simply not be possible to make a “fair attempt” to be complete in Semester 1 and hence the very limited period permissible for any extension. Students are advised to monitor their work and progress carefully and if they do not believe they can submit by the due date (or any limited extension date), they should consider withdrawing from the unit before the Census Date or otherwise consider applying for a late discontinuation under special circumstances. Applications for special consideration after the closing date specified in the Assessment Table, will be at the discretion of the unit coordinator.

Moot:  If Special Consideration is granted because a student is unable to participate in the oral aspect of the Moot in Week 13, then a student may be excused from undertaking this at the unit co-ordinator's discretion, or otherwise be required to present oral submissions in a viva voce secure setting.  However, the student must nevertheless submit written submissions and will be marked on these alone for the total mark if oral submissions cannot proceed. The student, however, will not be permitted to attend any of the other Oral submissions of any Moot. In these precise circumstances, only a short extension of a very limited duration is available.  As with the Advice option, students are advised to work on their written and oral submissions from the time of the Release Date, noting the limited availability of Special Consideration options.  A student’s written submissions must be submitted no later than the actual scheduled time and date of their Moot. NB: given that the student will have heard all the Oral submissions of the other students, it is simply not possible to accept written submissions after the scheduled time of that student’s Moot. In these circumstances, any application for special consideration may result in an extension of necessarily limited duration and any application after the closing date specified in the Assessment Table will be at the discretion of the unit coordinator.

Referencing: The Sydney Law School expects students to use the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (4th edition, 2018) for your footnoting style, although you should confirm this with your lecturer. A link to the library website where this is set out comprehensively is available at Referencing and Citation Styles: AGLC4. 

Assessment requirements to pass a unit of study: A student must make a genuine attempt at all assessment tasks set out in this Unit of Study in order to obtain a Pass mark and grade (or above); otherwise an Absent Fail grade will be recorded as the student’s result for this Unit of Study.  As the EFT is an early diagnostic tool, this task is not included in the final grade for the unit.  

Assessment criteria

The University awards common result grades, set out in the Coursework Policy 2021 (Schedule 1). 

As a general guide, a high distinction indicates work of an exceptional standard, a distinction a very high standard, a credit a good standard, and a pass an acceptable standard.

Result name

Mark range

Description

High distinction

85 - 100

  • Completely answers the question.
  • Contains striking originality of approach or analysis.
  • Demonstrates exhaustive or innovative research (where independent research required).
  • Exceptionally well written, structured and expressed.
  • Exceptional statement and defence of a main thesis or argument.
  • Is otherwise exceptional in some way.

Distinction

75 - 84

  • Completely answers the question.
  • Achieves a critical and evaluative approach to the issues.
  • Content and structure is well organised in support of the argument.
  • Demonstrates extensive research and analysis to support a well-documented argument.
  • Generally well expressed and free from errors.
  • Has a clear structure and is well articulated.
  • Excellent statement and defence of a main thesis or argument.

Credit

65 - 74

  • Covers main issues fairly well in answering the question.
  • Contains no significant errors.
  • Demonstrates an attempted critical approach to the issues.
  • Demonstrates reasonably sound research and analysis in addressing the key issues.
  • Satisfactory statement and defence of a main thesis and argument.
  • Has a clear structure and reasonably clear expression.

Pass

50 - 64

  • Identifies the key issues, but does not follow through with a reasoned argument.
  • Contains some significant errors.
  • Displays satisfactory engagement with the key issues.
  • Offers a descriptive summary of material relevant to the question.
  • Superficial use of material, and may display a tendency to paraphrase.
  • Demonstrates little evidence of in-depth research or analysis.
  • Adequate expression.
  • Poor statement and defence of a main thesis and argument. 
  • Overall, demonstrates the minimum level of competence in the assessment and satisfies the requirements to proceed to higher-level studies in the degree or subject area.

Fail

0 - 49

  • Does not answer the question.
  • Contains significant or numerous errors.
  • Few or no identifiable arguments.
  • Content that is inappropriate or irrelevant.
  • Lack of research or analysis.
  • Difficult or impossible to understand through poor grammar, expression or structure.
  • There is no, or unsatisfactory, statement and defence of main thesis or argument. 
  • Overall, does not demonstrate the minimum level of competence in the assessment.

For more information see guide to grades.

Use of generative artificial intelligence (AI)

You can use generative AI tools for open assessments. Restrictions on AI use apply to secure, supervised assessments used to confirm if students have met specific learning outcomes.

Refer to the assessment table above to see if AI is allowed, for assessments in this unit and check Canvas for full instructions on assessment tasks and AI use.

If you use AI, you must always acknowledge it. Misusing AI may lead to a breach of the Academic Integrity Policy.

Visit the Current Students website for more information on AI in assessments, including details on how to acknowledge its use.

Late submission

In accordance with University policy, these penalties apply when written work is submitted after 11:59pm on the due date:

  • Deduction of 5% of the maximum mark for each calendar day after the due date.
  • After ten calendar days late, a mark of zero will be awarded.

This unit has an exception to the standard University policy or supplementary information has been provided by the unit coordinator. This information is displayed below:

The late submission of a piece of assessment, without an approved extension, will attract a penalty of 10% of the total marks available for the piece of assessment per 24 hours or part thereof, after the due time on the due date. Penalties for late submission will be applied strictly, subject to a 5 minute grace period.

Academic integrity

The University expects students to act ethically and honestly and will treat all allegations of academic integrity breaches seriously.

Our website provides information on academic integrity and the resources available to all students. This includes advice on how to avoid common breaches of academic integrity. Ensure that you have completed the Academic Honesty Education Module (AHEM) which is mandatory for all commencing coursework students

Penalties for serious breaches can significantly impact your studies and your career after graduation. It is important that you speak with your unit coordinator if you need help with completing assessments.

Visit the Current Students website for more information on AI in assessments, including details on how to acknowledge its use.

Simple extensions

If you encounter a problem submitting your work on time, you may be able to apply for an extension of five calendar days through a simple extension.  The application process will be different depending on the type of assessment and extensions cannot be granted for some assessment types like exams.

Special consideration

If exceptional circumstances mean you can’t complete an assessment, you need consideration for a longer period of time, or if you have essential commitments which impact your performance in an assessment, you may be eligible for special consideration or special arrangements.

Special consideration applications will not be affected by a simple extension application.

Using AI responsibly

Co-created with students, AI in Education includes lots of helpful examples of how students use generative AI tools to support their learning. It explains how generative AI works, the different tools available and how to use them responsibly and productively.

Support for students

The Support for Students Policy reflects the University’s commitment to supporting students in their academic journey and making the University safe for students. It is important that you read and understand this policy so that you are familiar with the range of support services available to you and understand how to engage with them.

The University uses email as its primary source of communication with students who need support under the Support for Students Policy. Make sure you check your University email regularly and respond to any communications received from the University.

Learning resources and detailed information about weekly assessment and learning activities can be accessed via Canvas. It is essential that you visit your unit of study Canvas site to ensure you are up to date with all of your tasks.

If you are having difficulties completing your studies, or are feeling unsure about your progress, we are here to help. You can access the support services offered by the University at any time:

Support and Services (including health and wellbeing services, financial support and learning support)
Course planning and administration
Meet with an Academic Adviser

WK Topic Learning activity Learning outcomes
Week 01 Constitutional and Jurisprudential Foundation; introduction to main principles through case studies, especially the 1975 Dismissal. Seminar (4 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3
Week 02 (Cont'd) Constitutional and Jurisprudential Foundation; introduction to main principles through case studies, especially the 1975 Dismissal. Seminar (4 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3
Week 03 The key interpretative principles implied in the Constitution essential to understanding the executive power of the Commonwealth: parliamentary supremacy and responsible government v the separation of powers and federalism. Seminar (4 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3
Week 04 The counterplay/conflicts between the principles identified in week 3, and whether these principles, especially responsible government are enforceable legal rules or mere conventions. Seminar (4 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Week 05 The concept of "breadth and "depth" in assessing the validity of the exercise of non-statutory executive power. Seminar (4 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Week 07 The Impact of the Tampa and Pape cases, complemented by the impact of Williams, with respect to the recognition of an inherent implied executive "nationhood" power. Seminar (4 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Week 08 Theoretical, Jurisprudential and Historical Perspectives Seminar (4 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Week 10 (cont'd) Theoretical, Jurisprudential and Historical Perspectives. Seminar (4 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Week 11 Practical application of the jurisprudential perspective, the concept of "necessity" in constitutional law, and critical evaluation of constitutional cases relating to s 61 and "nationhood". Seminar (4 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Week 12 Practical application of the jurisprudential perspective (cont'd), reform of the Constitution, general reflections and discussion, conclusion. Seminar (4 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4

Attendance and class requirements

Attendance: All students are required to attend 70% of classes to satisfy the pass requirements for this unit. Failure to meet this requirement will result in an Absent Fail grade being recorded as the student’s result for this unit (see The University of Sydney Law School Resolutions: Coursework Awards cl 11) irrespective of whether any of the assessment tasks have been completed.  

Study commitment

Typically, there is a minimum expectation of 1.5-2 hours of student effort per week per credit point for units of study offered over a full semester. For a 6 credit point unit, this equates to roughly 120-150 hours of student effort in total.

Required readings

All readings for this unit can be accessed through the 'Reading List' available on Canvas. 

Learning outcomes are what students know, understand and are able to do on completion of a unit of study. They are aligned with the University's graduate qualities and are assessed as part of the curriculum.

At the completion of this unit, you should be able to:

  • LO1. Critically evaluate select rules, principles and methodologies of Australian constitutional law to achieve advanced and integrated understanding
  • LO2. Analyse and synthesis key rules, principles and judicial reasoning from constitutional case law to achieve advanced ability in this regard.
  • LO3. Critically assess the normativity and theoretical underpinnings of select rules, principles and methodologies of Australian constitutional law to achieve an advanced standard in this regard.
  • LO4. Develop and communicate sound, persuasive and logically-structure legal arguments for diverse legal audiences.

Graduate qualities

The graduate qualities are the qualities and skills that all University of Sydney graduates must demonstrate on successful completion of an award course. As a future Sydney graduate, the set of qualities have been designed to equip you for the contemporary world.

GQ1 Depth of disciplinary expertise

Deep disciplinary expertise is the ability to integrate and rigorously apply knowledge, understanding and skills of a recognised discipline defined by scholarly activity, as well as familiarity with evolving practice of the discipline.

GQ2 Critical thinking and problem solving

Critical thinking and problem solving are the questioning of ideas, evidence and assumptions in order to propose and evaluate hypotheses or alternative arguments before formulating a conclusion or a solution to an identified problem.

GQ3 Oral and written communication

Effective communication, in both oral and written form, is the clear exchange of meaning in a manner that is appropriate to audience and context.

GQ4 Information and digital literacy

Information and digital literacy is the ability to locate, interpret, evaluate, manage, adapt, integrate, create and convey information using appropriate resources, tools and strategies.

GQ5 Inventiveness

Generating novel ideas and solutions.

GQ6 Cultural competence

Cultural Competence is the ability to actively, ethically, respectfully, and successfully engage across and between cultures. In the Australian context, this includes and celebrates Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures, knowledge systems, and a mature understanding of contemporary issues.

GQ7 Interdisciplinary effectiveness

Interdisciplinary effectiveness is the integration and synthesis of multiple viewpoints and practices, working effectively across disciplinary boundaries.

GQ8 Integrated professional, ethical, and personal identity

An integrated professional, ethical and personal identity is understanding the interaction between one’s personal and professional selves in an ethical context.

GQ9 Influence

Engaging others in a process, idea or vision.

Outcome map

Learning outcomes Graduate qualities
GQ1 GQ2 GQ3 GQ4 GQ5 GQ6 GQ7 GQ8 GQ9

This section outlines changes made to this unit following staff and student reviews.

Assessments have been changed since last taught.

Disclaimer

Important: the University of Sydney regularly reviews units of study and reserves the right to change the units of study available annually. To stay up to date on available study options, including unit of study details and availability, refer to the relevant handbook.

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