Outline

Overview

The mass commercialisation and uptake of renewable energy will be one of the most significant developments in the 21st century in terms of transforming both the industrial sector and daily life. The shift away from fossil fuels is already noticeable, with net investment in new renewable energy generation now exceeding that for fossil fuels. This unit explores the legal challenges associated with the increased uptake of renewable energy and emerging energy technologies. It considers approaches to electricity market design, and considers whether regulatory intervention in the market is warranted. Given the international nature of the renewable energy sector, students will explore and evaluate the effectiveness of the laws and policy approaches of different countries in promoting the increased deployment of renewable energy. Throughout this unit students will also have the opportunity to explore the issues that may arise throughout the life of a new renewable energy project, including environment and planning disputes, competition law issues, the need to successfully negotiate with key stakeholders, and to consider creative solutions to addressing them.

Unit details and rules

Academic unit	Law
Credit points	6
Prerequisites ?	LAWS5002
Corequisites ?	None
Prohibitions ?	LAWS3507
Assumed knowledge ?	None
Available to study abroad and exchange students	Yes

Teaching staff

Coordinator	Penelope Crossley, penelope.crossley@sydney.edu.au

Assessment

The census date for this unit availability is 3 October 2025

Details
Criteria

Type	Description	Weight	Due	Length	Use of AI
Written test ?	In-semester test (40%) Written test - 1 hour plus 30 mins reading time	40%	Week 04 Due date: 17 Oct 2025 at 09:30	1 hour	AI prohibited
Outcomes assessed:
Written work	Short release assignment (60%) Short answer questions and some hypothetical problem/essay questions.	60%	Week 08 Due date: 10 Nov 2025 at 08:30 Closing date: 16 Nov 2025	3500 words /7 days	AI allowed
Outcomes assessed:
= hurdle task ?

Assessment summary

In-semester test - 1 hour writing time and 30 mins reading time (40%): This will be a closed book test examining the material from the first 2 weeks of classes. It may consist of short answer questions, true/false questions, multiple choice questions and hypothetical problem style questions. The test will be on Friday 17 October 2025 at 9:30am (Sydney, Australia time).

Assignment (Short release) (60%): This assessment consists of a 3,500 word (arial, 12 font, double spaced, standard paragraph spacing, no kerning, and normal word margins) assignment (word limit includes references). It is based on the content taught throughout the entire course (all topics, lectures and skills sessions are examinable). The questions will be released to students on Canvas site at 8.30am on Monday 3 November 2025 and the assessment is due at 8.30am on Monday 10 November 2025 (Sydney, Australia time).

Word limit penalty: A piece of assessment which exceeds the prescribed word limit will attract a penalty of 10% of the total marks available for the piece of assessment for every 100 words, or part thereof. The total word count for essay and other written assessments will include all footnotes and any bibliography (if required), and exclude acknowledgements of assistance from editors, automated writing tools or generative AI (where use is permitted).

Referencing: The Sydney Law School expects you to use the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (4th edition, 2018) for your footnoting style, although you should confirm this with your lecturer. A link to the library website where this is set out comprehensively is available at Referencing and Citation Styles: AGLC4.

Special consideration: Successful grants of Special Consideration may involve alternative tasks, as appropriate.

Assessment requirements to pass a unit of study: A student must make a genuine attempt at all assessment tasks set out in this Unit of Study in order to obtain a Pass mark and grade (or above); otherwise an Absent Fail grade will be recorded as the student’s result for this Unit of Study.

Assessment criteria

The University awards common result grades, set out in the Coursework Policy 2021 (Schedule 1).

As a general guide, a high distinction indicates work of an exceptional standard, a distinction a very high standard, a credit a good standard, and a pass an acceptable standard.

Result name	Mark range	Description
High distinction	85 - 100	Completely answers the question. Contains striking originality of approach or analysis. Demonstrates exhaustive or innovative research (where independent research required). Exceptionally well written, structured and expressed. Is otherwise exceptional in some way.
Distinction	75 - 84	Completely answers the question. Achieves a critical and evaluative approach to the issues. Content and structure is well organised in support of the argument. Demonstrates extensive research and analysis to support a well-documented argument. Generally well expressed and free from errors. Has a clear structure and is well articulated.
Credit	65 - 74	Covers main issues fairly well in answering the question. Contains no significant errors. Demonstrates an attempted critical approach to the issues. Demonstrates reasonably sound research and analysis in addressing the key issues. Has a clear structure and reasonably clear expression.
Pass	50 - 64	Identifies the key issues, but does not follow through with a reasoned argument. Contains some significant errors. Displays satisfactory engagement with the key issues. Offers a descriptive summary of material relevant to the question. Superficial use of material, and may display a tendency to paraphrase. Demonstrates little evidence of in-depth research or analysis. Adequate expression. Overall, demonstrates the minimum level of competence in the assessment and satisfies the requirements to proceed to higher-level studies in the degree or subject area.
Fail	0 - 49	Does not answer the question. Contains significant or numerous errors. Few or no identifiable arguments. Content that is inappropriate or irrelevant. Lack of research or analysis. Difficult or impossible to understand through poor grammar, expression or structure. Overall, does not demonstrate the minimum level of competence in the assessment.

For more information see guide to grades.

Use of generative artificial intelligence (AI)

You can use generative AI tools for open assessments. Restrictions on AI use apply to secure, supervised assessments used to confirm if students have met specific learning outcomes.

Refer to the assessment table above to see if AI is allowed, for assessments in this unit and check Canvas for full instructions on assessment tasks and AI use.

If you use AI, you must always acknowledge it. Misusing AI may lead to a breach of the Academic Integrity Policy.

Visit the Current Students website for more information on AI in assessments, including details on how to acknowledge its use.

Late submission

In accordance with University policy, these penalties apply when written work is submitted after 11:59pm on the due date:

Deduction of 5% of the maximum mark for each calendar day after the due date.
After ten calendar days late, a mark of zero will be awarded.

This unit has an exception to the standard University policy or supplementary information has been provided by the unit coordinator. This information is displayed below:

The late submission of a piece of assessment, without an approved extension, will attract a penalty of 10% of the total marks available for the piece of assessment per calendar day or part thereof. For example, a submission after the due time specified in the assessment summary but by 11:59pm on the due date will attract a 10% penalty. A submission after midnight of the due date will attract a 20% penalty. A submission on the following day after midnight will attract a 30% penalty, and so on. Penalties for late submission will be applied strictly. Late penalties do not apply to the test and any late submission will not be accepted.

Academic integrity

The University expects students to act ethically and honestly and will treat all allegations of academic integrity breaches seriously.

Our website provides information on academic integrity and the resources available to all students. This includes advice on how to avoid common breaches of academic integrity. Ensure that you have completed the Academic Honesty Education Module (AHEM) which is mandatory for all commencing coursework students

Penalties for serious breaches can significantly impact your studies and your career after graduation. It is important that you speak with your unit coordinator if you need help with completing assessments.

Visit the Current Students website for more information on AI in assessments, including details on how to acknowledge its use.

Learning support

Simple extensions

If you encounter a problem submitting your work on time, you may be able to apply for an extension of five calendar days through a simple extension.  The application process will be different depending on the type of assessment and extensions cannot be granted for some assessment types like exams.

Special consideration

If exceptional circumstances mean you can’t complete an assessment, you need consideration for a longer period of time, or if you have essential commitments which impact your performance in an assessment, you may be eligible for special consideration or special arrangements.

Special consideration applications will not be affected by a simple extension application.

Using AI responsibly

Co-created with students, AI in Education includes lots of helpful examples of how students use generative AI tools to support their learning. It explains how generative AI works, the different tools available and how to use them responsibly and productively.

Support for students

The Support for Students Policy reflects the University’s commitment to supporting students in their academic journey and making the University safe for students. It is important that you read and understand this policy so that you are familiar with the range of support services available to you and understand how to engage with them.

The University uses email as its primary source of communication with students who need support under the Support for Students Policy. Make sure you check your University email regularly and respond to any communications received from the University.

Learning resources and detailed information about weekly assessment and learning activities can be accessed via Canvas. It is essential that you visit your unit of study Canvas site to ensure you are up to date with all of your tasks.

If you are having difficulties completing your studies, or are feeling unsure about your progress, we are here to help. You can access the support services offered by the University at any time:

Support and Services (including health and wellbeing services, financial support and learning support)
Course planning and administration
Meet with an Academic Adviser

Weekly schedule

WK	Topic	Learning activity
Ongoing	Class 1: Introduction and Energy Fundamentals	Seminar (2 hr)
	Class 2: What is Energy Law?	Seminar (2 hr)
	Class 3: The Economic Foundations to Energy Law	Seminar (2 hr)
	Class 4: Defining the problem and the solution: What do we mean by “renewable energy?”	Seminar (2 hr)
	Class 5: The Australian Energy Mix and Renewable Energy Technologies	Seminar (2 hr)
	Class 6: The Energy Market as an Exercise in Cooperative Federalism: The Constitutional Problem	Seminar (2 hr)
	Class 7: The National Electricity Market (and National Electricity Law) and Power Sector Reforms	Seminar (2 hr)
	Class 8: The Role of Renewables in International Energy Markets: the European Union	Seminar (2 hr)
	Class 9: The Role of Renewables in International Energy Markets: Africa	Seminar (2 hr)
	Class 10: Should we regulate for renewables and emerging technologies?	Seminar (2 hr)
	Class 11: Why do countries regulate to support renewable and emerging technologies?	Seminar (2 hr)
	Class 12: Introduction to the regulatory support schemes designed to accelerate deployment of renewable energy	Seminar (2 hr)
	Class 13: Renewable portfolio standards, feed-in tariffs, tax incentives and other schemes	Seminar (2 hr)
	Class 14: The Regulatory Support Mechanisms and International Trade Disputes post Global Financial Crisis and COVID	Seminar (2 hr)
	Class 15: Energy Storage Law	Seminar (2 hr)
	Class 16: Current issues in the renewable energy sector in Australia and internationally	Seminar (2 hr)
	Skills Development Exercise 1	Workshop (1 hr)
	Skills Development Exercise 2	Workshop (1 hr)
	Skills Development Exercise 3	Workshop (1 hr)
	Skills Development Exercise 4	Workshop (1 hr)
	Skills Development Exercise 5	Workshop (1 hr)
	Skills Development Exercise 6	Workshop (1 hr)
	Skills Development Exercise 7	Workshop (1 hr)
	Skills Development Exercise 8	Workshop (1 hr)
	Skills Development Exercise 9	Workshop (1 hr)
	Skills Development Exercise 10	Workshop (1 hr)
	Skills Development Exercise 11	Workshop (1 hr)

Attendance and class requirements

Attendance: All students are required to attend 90% of classes to satisfy the pass requirements for this unit. Failure to meet this requirement will result in an Absent Fail grade being recorded as the student’s result for this unit (see The University of Sydney Law School Resolutions: Coursework Awards cl 11).    

Study commitment

Typically, there is a minimum expectation of 1.5-2 hours of student effort per week per credit point for units of study offered over a full semester. For a 6 credit point unit, this equates to roughly 120-150 hours of student effort in total.

Required readings

Detailed information for each assessment can be found on Canvas.

Recommended text: Penelope Crossley, Renewable Energy Law: An International Assessment, Cambridge University Press, 2019.

Learning outcomes

Learning outcomes are what students know, understand and are able to do on completion of a unit of study. They are aligned with the University's graduate qualities and are assessed as part of the curriculum.

Outcomes
Graduate qualities

At the completion of this unit, you should be able to:

LO1. explain the specific legal issues posed by renewable energy sources and emerging energy technologies
LO2. understand the theoretical reasons for regulatory intervention or non-intervention in the energy market to support those energy sources
LO3. compare the approaches of different states to the exploitation of their renewable energy sources, and the different legal vehicles used to support and control the involvement of public and private capital involved in this task
LO4. identify the problems that may arise at each stage of the project development including environmental approvals, public consultations, and negotiating with incumbent market players and to analyse legal solutions
LO5. outline the current legal and economic approaches to electricity market governance and design, and critically analyse their ongoing relevance in the context of the energy transition
LO6. consider how legal regimes for renewable energy and emerging energy technologies may be evaluated in terms of political, commercial and legal risks, including the risk of international trade disputes.
LO7. critically apply the acquired legal knowledge and skills to novel problem scenarios affecting renewable energy and emerging technology projects
LO8. identify opportunities to reform the law to improve outcomes for energy consumers and industry and create policy and law reform submissions to affect positive change to the energy sector

Graduate qualities

The graduate qualities are the qualities and skills that all University of Sydney graduates must demonstrate on successful completion of an award course. As a future Sydney graduate, the set of qualities have been designed to equip you for the contemporary world.

GQ1	Depth of disciplinary expertise Deep disciplinary expertise is the ability to integrate and rigorously apply knowledge, understanding and skills of a recognised discipline defined by scholarly activity, as well as familiarity with evolving practice of the discipline.
GQ2	Critical thinking and problem solving Critical thinking and problem solving are the questioning of ideas, evidence and assumptions in order to propose and evaluate hypotheses or alternative arguments before formulating a conclusion or a solution to an identified problem.
GQ3	Oral and written communication Effective communication, in both oral and written form, is the clear exchange of meaning in a manner that is appropriate to audience and context.
GQ4	Information and digital literacy Information and digital literacy is the ability to locate, interpret, evaluate, manage, adapt, integrate, create and convey information using appropriate resources, tools and strategies.
GQ5	Inventiveness Generating novel ideas and solutions.
GQ6	Cultural competence Cultural Competence is the ability to actively, ethically, respectfully, and successfully engage across and between cultures. In the Australian context, this includes and celebrates Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures, knowledge systems, and a mature understanding of contemporary issues.
GQ7	Interdisciplinary effectiveness Interdisciplinary effectiveness is the integration and synthesis of multiple viewpoints and practices, working effectively across disciplinary boundaries.
GQ8	Integrated professional, ethical, and personal identity An integrated professional, ethical and personal identity is understanding the interaction between one’s personal and professional selves in an ethical context.
GQ9	Influence Engaging others in a process, idea or vision.

Outcome map

Learning outcomes	Graduate qualities
Learning outcomes

Responding to student feedback

This section outlines changes made to this unit following staff and student reviews.

Professor Crossley seeks to continuously refine and improve this course based on the feedback from previous cohorts of students. In 2025, this will see more of the popular skills based exercises incorporated into the afternoon sessions as a way of consolidating the technical legal knowledge taught.

Additional information

Resources - Sydney Law Students

Disclaimer

The University reserves the right to amend units of study or no longer offer certain units, including where there are low enrolment numbers.

To help you understand common terms that we use at the University, we offer an online glossary.

Current students

Overview

Overview

Unit details and rules

Teaching staff

Assessment

Assessment

Assessment summary

Assessment criteria

Use of generative artificial intelligence (AI)

Late submission

Academic integrity

Learning support

Learning support

Simple extensions

Special consideration

Using AI responsibly

Support for students

Weekly schedule

Weekly schedule

Attendance and class requirements

Study commitment

Required readings

Learning outcomes

Learning outcomes

Graduate qualities

Outcome map

Responding to student feedback

Responding to student feedback

Additional information

Additional information

Disclaimer

On this page

Useful links

LAWS5207: Energy Law: Renewables and Emerging Tech

Semester 2b, 2025 [Normal day] - Camperdown/Darlington, Sydney

Overview

Overview

Unit details and rules

Teaching staff

Assessment

Assessment

Assessment summary

Assessment criteria

Use of generative artificial intelligence (AI)

Late submission

Academic integrity

Learning support

Learning support

Simple extensions

Special consideration

Using AI responsibly

Support for students

Weekly schedule

Weekly schedule

Attendance and class requirements

Study commitment

Required readings

Learning outcomes

Learning outcomes

Graduate qualities

Outcome map

Responding to student feedback

Responding to student feedback

Additional information

Additional information

Disclaimer

On this page

Useful links