Ageing in dogs varies depending on breed and size. Generally:

• smaller dogs tend to live longer and may be considered senior later in life
• larger and giant breeds often age earlier

Your veterinarian can help determine your dog’s life stage based on their breed, size, and overall health.

Ageing is not a disease, but it is associated with gradual changes in body systems.

As dogs get older, their body undergoes normal physiological changes. This can include reduced resilience to stress and illness, changes in metabolism, and gradual decline in organ function. These changes vary between individual dogs and between breeds.

Importantly, many conditions commonly seen in older dogs — such as arthritis, dental disease, or hormonal disorders — are not simply “old age”. They are medical conditions that can often be managed or treated.

As dogs get older:

• their ability to respond to illness and stress can change
• chronic diseases become more common
• subtle signs may be overlooked at home

Regular health checks allow earlier detection of disease, which can improve comfort, quality of life, and long-term outcomes.

• Obesity
• Periodontal disease and oral pain
• Osteoarthritis and mobility changes
• Heart disease (most commonly valve disease)
• Hormonal (endocrine) diseases (such as Cushing’s disease and diabetes mellitus)
• Cancer (including new skin masses or internal disease)
• Cognitive dysfunction (age-related changes in behaviour or awareness) 

Regular health checks are important for senior dogs, and more frequent visits may be recommended as your dog ages.

The most appropriate frequency depends on your dog’s health and any existing medical conditions.

Between visits, contact your veterinary team if you notice any changes in your dog’s appetite, weight, behaviour, mobility, or general wellbeing.

A senior health check usually includes:

• a detailed history (appetite, thirst, toileting, activity, behaviour, and any changes at home)
• weight, body condition score, and muscle condition assessment
• a thorough physical examination (including teeth and gums, eyes, ears, skin, heart and lungs, abdomen, and joints)
• discussion of diet, lifestyle, parasite prevention, and vaccination schedule

Depending on your dog’s age, findings, and risk factors, your veterinarian may recommend additional screening, such as:

• blood and urine screening tests
• blood pressure measurement
• other tests tailored to your dog

These tests can help detect early or underlying disease before obvious signs develop.

Contact your veterinary team if you notice any of the following:

• weight gain or loss
• increased thirst or urination
• reduced appetite, vomiting or diarrhoea
• bad breath, difficulty eating, or drooling
• stiffness, limping, or reluctance to exercise
• changes in behaviour, sleep patterns, or interaction
• new masses (or lumps)
• coughing or exercise intolerance 
• increased respiratory effort

Small adjustments can make a meaningful difference:

• provide soft, comfortable bedding in warm, accessible areas
• use non-slip surfaces to help with mobility
• adjust exercise to suit your dog’s ability
• maintain a consistent routine
• monitor food intake and body weight
• assist with grooming if needed