Unit outline_

LAWS1025: Ngura and the Foundations of Laws

Semester 1, 2026 [Normal evening] - Camperdown/Darlington, Sydney

This unit introduces students to the historical development and cultural specificity of the core structure, concepts, and principles of the Anglo-Australian legal system, including responsible government and the roles and functions of legal institutions. Students will be introduced to the Aboriginal concept of ngura (country) and its significance to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander legal relations with Anglo-Australian laws and practices in the context of colonisation. Through guided learning activities, students will develop fundamental legal professional competencies, including approaches to legal problem solving that employ principles of legal reasoning and statutory interpretation. Students will also learn how to formulate arguments about diverse ideas and perspectives of law and legal practice both independently and collaboratively. High-level English language proficiency demonstrated through oral and written communication skills, is an inherent requirement of the discipline and practice of law and is essential for the satisfactory completion of this unit.

Unit details and rules

Academic unit Law
Credit points 6
Prerequisites
? 
None
Corequisites
? 
None
Prohibitions
? 
LAWS1006
Assumed knowledge
? 

None

Available to study abroad and exchange students

Yes

Teaching staff

Coordinator Sandra Noakes, sandra.noakes@sydney.edu.au
The census date for this unit availability is 31 March 2026
Type Description Weight Due Length Use of AI
Creative work group assignment Collaborative Legal Artefact Task (30%)
Collaborative assessment
30% Formal exam period
Due date: 09 Jun 2026 at 23:59

Closing date: 09 Jun 2026
Written:2500 words; Audio/Video:20 mins. AI allowed
Outcomes assessed: LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Contribution Participation (20%)
Active engagement in group and class discussions; lead one tutorial.
20% Ongoing Ongoing AI allowed
Outcomes assessed: LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Out-of-class quiz Early Feedback Task Early Feedback Task (0%)
Online written test
0% Week 02
Due date: 08 Mar 2026 at 23:59

Closing date: 08 Mar 2026
30 mins AI allowed
Outcomes assessed: LO1 LO3 LO4
In-person written or creative task In Person Written Tasks
In class assessment
16.67% Week 05 30 mins AI prohibited
Outcomes assessed: LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
In-person written or creative task In Person Written Tasks
In class assessment
16.67% Week 10 30 mins AI prohibited
Outcomes assessed: LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
In-person written or creative task In Person Written Tasks
In class assessment
16.66% Week 13 30 mins AI prohibited
Outcomes assessed: LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
group assignment = group assignment ?
early feedback task = early feedback task ?

Early feedback task

This unit includes an early feedback task, designed to give you feedback prior to the census date for this unit. Details are provided in the Canvas site and your result will be recorded in your Marks page. It is important that you actively engage with this task so that the University can support you to be successful in this unit.

Assessment summary

1.  Early Feedback Task (0%)

As part of our commitment to student success, this Unit includes a required Early Feedback Task (EFT). In this Unit, the Early Feedback Task is an online written test covering the Unit content up to and including the Week 2 Tutorials.  It is designed to provide students with timely insights into their understanding and engagement with the Unit. The questions asked in the test will be similar in format to those which students will be required to attempt as part of their in-person written assessments in this Unit.  Details of how to access the online test can be found on the Unit’s Canvas site. This online written test will be available for students to attempt any time from 9am on Friday 6 March 2026 until 11.59pm on Sunday 8 March 2026 (Sydney Australia time).  Students will have 30 minutes to complete the online written test from the time they start the test. 

Students’ attempts will be graded as ‘Attempted/Not attempted’.  Those students who receive an ‘Attempted’ result will be given access to an answer guide.  This answer guide will be made available via Canvas after the closing time for submissions.  This answer guide will constitute the feedback for this task.

As this assessment has a weighting of 0%, Special Consideration is not available for this task.  Students who do not attempt the task by the due date and time will receive a result of ‘Not attempted’.

2.  Participation (20%)

Communication and collaboration in tutorials are essential to success in this Unit.  Your tutorial participation mark will consist of two components: 1) general class participation (worth 10 marks), which will be assessed each week, starting in Week 2, and 2) tutorial leader participation (worth 10 marks), which will be assessed in the week that you are assigned as the Tutorial Leader.  In Week 1, you will be assigned to a tutorial week which you will lead. When you are the designated tutorial leader, you will encourage and facilitate discussion of the tutorial materials and questions.  You will be required to prepare both the required and extension materials for that week and will be responsible for sharing with the class your analysis of the extension materials in particular. Further instructions and the marking rubrics for both general class participation and Tutorial Lead participation are available via Canvas.

Special Consideration: 

General Participation: The maximum general participation mark that a student can earn in a week is 1 mark.  There are 13 weeks of tutorials, which means that students have ample opportunities to earn 10 marks over the 13 week tutorial period.  Students should therefore not apply for Special Consideration where they are unable to attend class and miss the opportunity to earn their 1 mark participation mark.

Tutorial Lead Participation: Students who are unable to complete their Tutorial Lead Participation in their assigned week will need to apply for Special Consideration, accompanied by relevant supporting documentation.  See: Special Consideration.  If granted, consideration will take the form of a varied assessment, which may include the student doing their Tutorial Lead assessment in another week (on the topic for that week), or a participating in a group viva voce with other students on a topic chosen by the Unit Coordinator. The form of the alternative assessment will be at the discretion of the Unit Coordinator.

Disability Academic Plans: The Law School has inherent requirements for its Bachelor of Laws, Juris Doctor and Master of Laws courses. A detailed explanation of the Law School’s inherent requirements can be found here: Inherent requirements

Inherent requirements relevant to Participation assessment include: 

  • Attending classes and contribute to collaborative learning and debate; 
  • Engaging in respectful communication with others; 
  • Participating collaboratively and openly in diverse groups across different cultural boundaries; and
  • Communicating orally using clear standard Australian English, to convey knowledge and critical analysis of legal and interdisciplinary materials. 

For students with Disability Academic Plans, adjustments must be reasonable and cannot compromise the academic integrity of a course or professional obligations. Reasonable adjustments are provided to assist students to achieve the inherent requirements, not as a substitute for them. This means that, for the Participation assessment, reasonable adjustments cannot include an alternative assessment which does not allow the student to demonstrate the inherent requirements relevant to the Participation assessment.  

3.  In Person Written Tasks (50%)

The in-person written tasks are worth 50% of the assessment in this Unit. There are three 30-minute in-person tasks, one each in Weeks 5, 10, and 13.   Each in-person written task will be marked out of 25, and your best two out of three marks will be used to calculate your mark out of 50 for these assessments.

In-person written tasks will be conducted in your tutorials under examination conditions. You must arrive at your allocated tutorial on time with your student ID card which you will display on your desk. You are not permitted to sit an in-person written task assessment without your student ID card present. You are not permitted to attempt this assessment in a different tutorial time. 

Further information about the format of this assessment, materials allowed in the assessment and the marking rubric will be available via Canvas.

Special Consideration:  Students who are unable to complete any in-person written task in their assigned tutorial will need to apply for Special Consideration, accompanied by relevant supporting documentation.  See: Special Consideration.  If granted, consideration will take the form of the student undertaking a replacement in-person assessment, at a time set by the Unit Coordinator.  This replacement in-person assessment may include a replacement in-person written task or an in-person viva voce (interview) assessment, at the discretion of the Unit Coordinator.

Disability Academic Plans: Students with Disability Academic Plans in place which include exam adjustments will be advised of an alternative time/date/venue to attempt their in-person written task, so that their exam adjustments can be accommodated. Note that these alternative in-person written tasks will also take place in weeks 5, 10 and 13, and may conflict with students’ normal tutorial times in this Unit. Where this occurs, students may seek the approval of the Unit Coordinator to attend an alternative tutorial for that week, so that they do not miss the tutorial content. 

4.  Collaborative Legal Artefact Task (30%)

This is a group assessment. 

Students will be allocated to a pre-assigned collaborative task group for this assessment (your ‘task group’). Your task group will not be assigned until after census date (31 March 2026).  This is to ensure, as far as possible, that all group members will be enrolled in the Unit at the end of the semester. 

Your task group will be presented with a list of sources of law and will be required to conduct a critical analysis of one of these sources.

This group assessment will assess both the product and the process of your task group’s collaboration. While the task group will receive an overall mark for the artefact they produce and evidence of their work-in-progress, your individual mark for this assessment may be adjusted based on your group members’ assessment of the quality of your contribution to the collaborative process.  All students must participate in the peer assessment process.

The final artefact produced by the group must be submitted online 11.59pm on Tuesday 9 June 2026 (Sydney Australia time).  However, task groups may also be required to submit evidence of their work-in-progress towards this assessment prior to this date, for example a team agreement, records of group meetings, reflection on use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) and automated writing tools, and a research diary. The due dates for these work-in-progress tasks will be advised via Canvas.

Maximum length for final artefact: 2500 words for a written submission. 20 minutes for an audio/audio visual submission.  Maximum word/time limits for work-in-progress submissions will be specified on Canvas.

Further details about this assessment, including the format of the artefact and the work-in-progress, support for collaboration and marking rubrics for all aspects of the assessment, will be available on Canvas.

Simple extensions: Automated simple extensions are unavailable for this task, as it is a group assessment.

Special Consideration: In this Unit, Special Consideration is not  available for this group assessment, which means that no extensions will be granted.  Any group that submits work after the due date will be subject to relevant late submission penalties.  Students should ensure that they work consistently and collaboratively on this task to ensure that they meet required deadlines.

Word limit/time limit penalty: Where assessments have word limits (for written submissions) or time limits (for audio/ audio/visual submissions), these should be strictly adhered to.  Markers will STOP MARKING once the assessment reaches the word/time limit.  The total word count for any written assessments will exclude all references, and exclude acknowledgements of assistance from editors, automated writing tools or generative AI (where use is permitted).

Referencing: The Sydney Law School expects you to use the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (4th edition, 2018) for your footnoting style, although you should confirm this with your lecturer. A link to the library website where this is set out comprehensively is available at Referencing and Citation Styles: AGLC4

 

Assessment requirements to pass a unit of study: To pass this Unit, students must:

  • Attempt all assessment items.  A student must make a genuine attempt at all assessment tasks set out in this Unit of Study in order to obtain a Pass mark and grade (or above); otherwise an Absent Fail grade will be recorded as the student’s result for this Unit of Study. Please note that as the EFT is an early diagnostic tool, this task is not included in the final grade for the unit;
  • Attend at least 70% of the tutorials in the Unit (this is 9 out of the 13 tutorials);and
  • Achieve a mark of at least 50% overall for the Unit.

Assessment criteria

The University awards common result grades, set out in the Coursework Policy 2021 (Schedule 1). 

As a general guide, a high distinction indicates work of an exceptional standard, a distinction a very high standard, a credit a good standard, and a pass an acceptable standard. 

Result name 

Mark range 

Description 

High distinction 

85 - 100 

• Completely answers the question. 
• Contains striking originality of approach or analysis. 
• Demonstrates exhaustive or innovative research (where independent research 
required). 
• Exceptionally well written, structured and expressed. 
• Is otherwise exceptional in some way. 

Distinction 

75 - 84 

• Completely answers the question. 
• Achieves a critical and evaluative approach to the issues. 
• Content and structure is well organised in support of the argument. 
• Demonstrates extensive research and analysis to support a well-documented 
argument. 
• Generally well expressed and free from errors. 
• Has a clear structure and is well articulated. 

Credit 

65 - 74 

• Covers main issues fairly well in answering the question. 
• Contains no significant errors 
• Demonstrates an attempted critical approach to the issues. 
• Demonstrates reasonably sound research and analysis in addressing the key issues. 
• Has a clear structure and reasonably clear expression. 

Pass 

50 - 64 

• Identifies the key issues, but may not follow through with a reasoned argument. 
• Displays satisfactory engagement with the key issues. 
• Offers descriptive summary of material relevant to the question. 
• Superficial use of material, and may display a tendency to paraphrase. 
• Demonstrates little evidence of in-depth research or analysis. 
• Adequate expression. 
• Overall, demonstrates the minimum level of competence in the assessment and 
satisfies the requirements to proceed to higher-level studies in the degree or subject 
area. 

Fail 

0 - 49 

• Does not answer the question. 
• Contains significant or numerous errors. 
• Few or no identifiable arguments. 
• Content that is inappropriate or irrelevant. 
• Lack of research or analysis. 
• Difficult or impossible to understand through poor grammar, expression or 
structure. 
• Overall, does not demonstrate the minimum level of competence in the 
assessment. 

For more information see Guide to Grades. 

 

For more information see guide to grades.

Use of generative artificial intelligence (AI)

You can use generative AI tools for open assessments. Restrictions on AI use apply to secure, supervised assessments used to confirm if students have met specific learning outcomes.

Refer to the assessment table above to see if AI is allowed, for assessments in this unit and check Canvas for full instructions on assessment tasks and AI use.

If you use AI, you must always acknowledge it. Misusing AI may lead to a breach of the Academic Integrity Policy.

Visit the Current Students website for more information on AI in assessments, including details on how to acknowledge its use.

Late submission

In accordance with University policy, these penalties apply when written work is submitted after 11:59pm on the due date:

  • Deduction of 5% of the maximum mark for each calendar day after the due date.
  • After ten calendar days late, a mark of zero will be awarded.

This unit has an exception to the standard University policy or supplementary information has been provided by the unit coordinator. This information is displayed below:

The late submission of a piece of assessment, without an approved extension, will attract a penalty of 10% of the total marks available for the piece of assessment per 24 hours or part thereof, after the due time on the due date. Penalties for late submission will be applied strictly. After ten calendar days late, a mark of zero will be awarded.

Academic integrity

The University expects students to act ethically and honestly and will treat all allegations of academic integrity breaches seriously.

Our website provides information on academic integrity and the resources available to all students. This includes advice on how to avoid common breaches of academic integrity. Ensure that you have completed the Academic Honesty Education Module (AHEM) which is mandatory for all commencing coursework students

Penalties for serious breaches can significantly impact your studies and your career after graduation. It is important that you speak with your unit coordinator if you need help with completing assessments.

Visit the Current Students website for more information on AI in assessments, including details on how to acknowledge its use.

Simple extensions

If you encounter a problem submitting your work on time, you may be able to apply for an extension of five calendar days through a simple extension.  The application process will be different depending on the type of assessment and extensions cannot be granted for some assessment types like exams.

Special consideration

If exceptional circumstances mean you can’t complete an assessment, you need consideration for a longer period of time, or if you have essential commitments which impact your performance in an assessment, you may be eligible for special consideration or special arrangements.

Special consideration applications will not be affected by a simple extension application.

Using AI responsibly

Co-created with students, AI in Education includes lots of helpful examples of how students use generative AI tools to support their learning. It explains how generative AI works, the different tools available and how to use them responsibly and productively.

Support for students

The Support for Students Policy reflects the University’s commitment to supporting students in their academic journey and making the University safe for students. It is important that you read and understand this policy so that you are familiar with the range of support services available to you and understand how to engage with them.

The University uses email as its primary source of communication with students who need support under the Support for Students Policy. Make sure you check your University email regularly and respond to any communications received from the University.

Learning resources and detailed information about weekly assessment and learning activities can be accessed via Canvas. It is essential that you visit your unit of study Canvas site to ensure you are up to date with all of your tasks.

If you are having difficulties completing your studies, or are feeling unsure about your progress, we are here to help. You can access the support services offered by the University at any time:

Support and Services (including health and wellbeing services, financial support and learning support)
Course planning and administration
Meet with an Academic Adviser

WK Topic Learning activity Learning outcomes
Pre-semester Lecture (online): Setting the scene for your law studies and this Unit. This lecture will be available as a series of online recordings on the Canvas site for the Unit. Independent study (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Week 01 Tutorial: Setting the scene for your law studies and this Unit Tutorial (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Lecture : The Anglo-Australian legal system in context (Part 1) Lecture (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Week 02 Tutorial : The Anglo-Australian legal system in context (Part 1) Tutorial (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Lecture : The Anglo-Australian legal system in context (Part 2) Lecture (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Week 03 Tutorial : The Anglo-Australian legal system in context (Part 2) Tutorial (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Lecture: Sources of Law: Overview, Ngura (Part 1) Lecture (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Week 04 Tutorial: Sources of Law: Overview, Ngura (Part 1) Tutorial (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Lecture: Sources of Law: Ngura (Part 2) Lecture (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Week 05 Tutorial: Sources of Law: Ngura (Part 2) Tutorial (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Lecture: Sources of Law: Case law (Part 1) Lecture (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Week 06 Tutorial: Sources of Law: Case Law (Part 1) Tutorial (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Lecture : Sources of Law: Case law (Part 2) Lecture (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Week 07 Tutorial : Sources of Law: Case law (Part 2) Tutorial (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Lecture: Sources of Law: Case law (Part 3) Lecture (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Week 08 Tutorial: Sources of Law: Case law (Part 3) Tutorial (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Lecture: Sources of Law: legislation (Part 1) Lecture (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Week 09 Tutorial: Sources of Law: legislation (Part 1) Tutorial (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Lecture: Sources of law: legislation (Part 2) Lecture (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Week 10 Tutorial: Sources of law: legislation (Part 2) Tutorial (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Lecture: Introduction to legal theory/jurisprudence Lecture (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Week 11 Tutorial: Introduction to legal theory/jurisprudence Tutorial (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Lecture: Critical legal theory, Legal subjectivity Lecture (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Week 12 Tutorial: Critical legal theory, Legal subjectivity Tutorial (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Lecture : Legal theory in practice Lecture (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4
Week 13 Tutorial: Legal theory in practice Tutorial (2 hr) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4

Attendance and class requirements

Lecture and Tutorial Pattern

Lectures will be delivered one week ahead of the relevant tutorial topic. This allows students time to attend/listen to the lecture and do the required pre-tutorial preparation prior to attending tutorials. Check the Learning Guide and the Learning Modules on the Canvas site for information about what is required for tutorial preparation each week.
Tutorials in this Unit start in Week 1. The lecture for the Week 1 tutorials will be available online prior to Week 1.

Attendance: All students are required to attend 70% of tutorials to satisfy the pass requirements for this unit. This is at least 9 out of the 13 tutorials in the Unit. Failure to meet this requirement will result in an Absent Fail grade being recorded as the student’s result for this unit (see The University of Sydney Law School Resolutions: Coursework Awards cl 11).  

 

 

Study commitment

Typically, there is a minimum expectation of 1.5-2 hours of student effort per week per credit point for units of study offered over a full semester. For a 6 credit point unit, this equates to roughly 120-150 hours of student effort in total.

Required readings

All students are expected to prepare for each week by reading and/or viewing the Required Learning Materials for that week. 

Extension Learning Materials are suggested if you would like further support and/or deeper information on the topic. 

Extension learning materials are strongly recommended when you prepare to serve as Tutorial Leader. 

Please consult the Ngura Learning Guide available on Canvas for the detailed list of learning materials.

Learning outcomes are what students know, understand and are able to do on completion of a unit of study. They are aligned with the University's graduate qualities and are assessed as part of the curriculum.

At the completion of this unit, you should be able to:

  • LO1. understand and critically evaluate the historical development and cultural specificity of the structure, concepts and principles of the Anglo-Australian legal system.
  • LO2. understand and critically evaluate approaches to legal problem solving that employ principles of legal reasoning and statutory interpretation.
  • LO3. understand the Aboriginal concept of Ngura (Country) and critically analyse its significance to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander legal relations with Anglo-Australian laws and practices in the context of colonisation.
  • LO4. formulate and defend coherent arguments about diverse ideas and perspectives of law and legal practice both independently and in collaboration with peers, using high-level English language oral and written communication skills.

Graduate qualities

The graduate qualities are the qualities and skills that all University of Sydney graduates must demonstrate on successful completion of an award course. As a future Sydney graduate, the set of qualities have been designed to equip you for the contemporary world.

GQ1 Depth of disciplinary expertise

Deep disciplinary expertise is the ability to integrate and rigorously apply knowledge, understanding and skills of a recognised discipline defined by scholarly activity, as well as familiarity with evolving practice of the discipline.

GQ2 Critical thinking and problem solving

Critical thinking and problem solving are the questioning of ideas, evidence and assumptions in order to propose and evaluate hypotheses or alternative arguments before formulating a conclusion or a solution to an identified problem.

GQ3 Oral and written communication

Effective communication, in both oral and written form, is the clear exchange of meaning in a manner that is appropriate to audience and context.

GQ4 Information and digital literacy

Information and digital literacy is the ability to locate, interpret, evaluate, manage, adapt, integrate, create and convey information using appropriate resources, tools and strategies.

GQ5 Inventiveness

Generating novel ideas and solutions.

GQ6 Cultural competence

Cultural Competence is the ability to actively, ethically, respectfully, and successfully engage across and between cultures. In the Australian context, this includes and celebrates Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures, knowledge systems, and a mature understanding of contemporary issues.

GQ7 Interdisciplinary effectiveness

Interdisciplinary effectiveness is the integration and synthesis of multiple viewpoints and practices, working effectively across disciplinary boundaries.

GQ8 Integrated professional, ethical, and personal identity

An integrated professional, ethical and personal identity is understanding the interaction between one’s personal and professional selves in an ethical context.

GQ9 Influence

Engaging others in a process, idea or vision.

Outcome map

Learning outcomes Graduate qualities
GQ1 GQ2 GQ3 GQ4 GQ5 GQ6 GQ7 GQ8 GQ9

This section outlines changes made to this unit following staff and student reviews.

As a result of student and staff feedback on this Unit in 2025, the following changes have been made to the Unit: 1) There are no ‘hurdle tasks’ in this Unit. (A hurdle task is a task you must undertake and achieve a mark above a minimum standard.) In 2026, to pass this Unit, students must: attempt all assessments; attend at least 70% of tutorials in the Unit; and achieve an overall mark of 50% in the Unit. 2) The lectures will be delivered one week ahead of the relevant tutorial topic, to allow students time to prepare for the relevant tutorial topic. This means that there are online lectures available on Canvas that students must watch/listen to prior to attending their Week 1 tutorials. 3) The length of the in-person written tests has been increased from 20 minutes per test to 30 minutes per test. This is to allow students reading and planning time.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students should be aware that this unit of study will present material which contains images, voices and names of deceased persons. In some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, hearing recordings, seeing images or the names of deceased persons may cause sadness or distress and in some cases, offend against strongly held cultural prohibitions.

Some lecture content and learning materials contain words, descriptions and terms which are culturally insensitive and that reflect authors’ views, or those of the period in which the content was created, but may not be considered appropriate today. These views are not necessarily the views of the lecturers and tutors in this unit of study. While the information may not reflect current understanding, it is provided in a historical context as relevant to develop your knowledge of Anglo-Australian law and jurisprudence.

If you would like further information and/or advice about support services for students at the University, please visit the Student Life website here https://www.sydney.edu.au/study/student-life.html

Disclaimer

The University reserves the right to amend units of study or no longer offer certain units, including where there are low enrolment numbers.

To help you understand common terms that we use at the University, we offer an online glossary.